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Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble antioxidants, primarily tocopherols (like α-tocopherol) and tocotrienols.
Core Structure: Chromanol ring (antioxidant) + hydrophobic tail (phytyl for tocopherols; unsaturated for tocotrienols).
Active Form: Natural d-α-tocopherol (C₂₉H₅₀O₂) is most bioactive.
Function: Protects cells from oxidative damage by donating electrons to free radicals.
Sources: Plant oils (wheat germ, sunflower), nuts, seeds.
Uses:
Skincare: Stabilizes formulations, reduces UV damage.
Supplements: Often as stable α-tocopheryl acetate.
Properties: Oil-soluble, light-sensitive; degrades if unshielded.
Biological Role: Essential for cell membrane integrity & immune function.
Vitamin E refers to a group of fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant activity, primarily tocopherols and tocotrienols. The most biologically active form is α-tocopherol.
Core Structure:
A chromanol ring (with antioxidant phenolic -OH group).
A hydrophobic phytyl tail (saturated for tocopherols; unsaturated for tocotrienols).
α-Tocopherol Structure:
Molecular Formula: C₂₉H₅₀O₂
Systematic Name: *(2R)-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol*
Key Feature: 3 chiral centers → natural form (RRR-α-tocopherol) is more bioactive than synthetic (all-rac-α-tocopherol).
Antioxidant Action:
Donates hydrogen from phenolic -OH to free radicals, forming stable tocopheroxyl radical.
Forms:
Natural: d-α-tocopherol (plant oils, nuts).
Synthetic: dl-α-tocopherol (racemic mix).
Derivatives: α-Tocopheryl acetate (stable ester for supplements/cosmetics).
Biological: Protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.
Cosmetic: Skin barrier repair, UV protection.
Industrial: Antioxidant in oils/foods.
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in fats/oils.
Stability: Oxidizes slowly in air (dark amber bottles protect it).
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