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Apigenin is a natural flavone flavonoid (C₁₅H₁₀O₅) found in parsley, chamomile, and celery.
Key Properties & Actions:
Antioxidant Power: Neutralizes free radicals, boosts glutathione.
Anti-inflammatory: Blocks NF-κB/COX-2 pathways, reducing cytokines.
Neuroprotectant: Binds GABA_A receptors → anxiety relief (chamomile effect).
Anticancer Potential: Triggers apoptosis in cancer cells via PI3K/AKT inhibition.
Metabolic Aid: Enhances insulin sensitivity; may combat diabetes.
Research Status:
Pros: Low toxicity, GRAS status.
Cons: Poor oral bioavailability (nanocarriers in development).
Uses: Nutraceuticals, anti-anxiety supplements, functional foods.
Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid (class: flavone) found in plants like parsley, celery, chamomile, and citrus fruits. Known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it has significant biomedical relevance.
Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₀O₅
Structure: Hydroxyl groups at positions 4',5,7 (trihydroxyflavone), with a double bond between C2–C3.
Sources: Abundant in parsley (~300 mg/100g), chamomile tea, celery, oranges.
Antioxidant:
Scavenges free radicals and upregulates endogenous antioxidants (e.g., glutathione).
Anti-inflammatory:
Inhibits NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, reducing cytokine production.
Anticancer Potential:
Induces apoptosis in cancer cells (e.g., breast, prostate) via PI3K/AKT pathway suppression.
Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic:
Modulates GABA_A receptors (similar to benzodiazepines) → reduces anxiety.
Metabolic Health:
Improves insulin sensitivity; may lower diabetes risk.
Bioavailability: Low (extensive metabolism; formulations like nanoparticles enhance absorption).
Evidence: Strong in vitro/animal data; limited human clinical trials.
Safety: Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) at dietary levels; high doses may interact with drugs.
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