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Isorhamnetin is a methylated flavonol (C₁₆H₁₂O₇), derived from quercetin, with a methoxy group at the 3'-position. Found in plants like Ginkgo biloba, sea buckthorn, and prickly pear, it exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It modulates pathways (NF-κB, PI3K/Akt) and enzymes (COX-2, α-glucosidase), aiding in diabetes management, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. Research explores its role in antiviral therapies (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) and gut microbiota interactions. Used in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and drug development, it shows low toxicity but limited bioavailability. Promising for disease prevention, though clinical validation is ongoing.
Isorhamnetin is a naturally occurring O-methylated flavonol, a subclass of flavonoids, known for its diverse biological activities. Here's a structured overview:
Structure: A methylated derivative of quercetin, with a methoxy (-OCH₃) group at the 3'-position of the B-ring.
Molecular formula: C₁₆H₁₂O₇.
Classification: Flavonoid (flavonol subgroup).
Plants: Found in various medicinal herbs and foods:
Ginkgo biloba (leaves),
Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn),
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear),
Apples, onions, and berries.
Forms: Often exists as glycosides (e.g., isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside) in plants.
Antioxidant: Scavenges free radicals and enhances cellular antioxidant defenses.
Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and enzymes (e.g., COX-2).
Anticancer: Induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in cancer cells (e.g., breast, colon).
Cardioprotective: Reduces oxidative stress and improves endothelial function.
Antidiabetic: Enhances insulin sensitivity and inhibits α-glucosidase.
Neuroprotective: Potential role in mitigating Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s pathologies.
Modulates signaling pathways: NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt.
Activates Nrf2, boosting antioxidant enzyme production (e.g., SOD, catalase).
Inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
Nutraceuticals: Incorporated into supplements for antioxidant support.
Cosmeceuticals: Used in anti-aging skincare products for UV protection and collagen synthesis.
Drug Development: Investigated for cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease therapies.
Absorption: Limited oral bioavailability due to low solubility and rapid metabolism.
Metabolism: Undergoes phase II metabolism (glucuronidation, sulfation) in the liver.
Excretion: Primarily via urine and feces.
Generally recognized as safe at dietary levels.
High doses may cause mild gastrointestinal issues; no significant toxicity reported in studies.
Antiviral Potential: Studied against SARS-CoV-2 via inhibition of viral proteases.
Gut Microbiota Interaction: Converted by gut bacteria into bioactive metabolites.
Isorhamnetin’s multifunctional properties make it a promising candidate for therapeutic and preventive health applications, though further clinical trials are needed to validate efficacy in humans. Always consult healthcare professionals before using it therapeutically.
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